We first provide a short, easy glossary, followed by more detailed definitions for those who are interested.

Short Computer Glossary for Beginners

🔤 A to C

• IP Address: A unique identification number assigned to every device connected to the internet.
• Adware: Software that displays unwanted or intrusive advertisements.
• Algorithm: A set of instructions used to solve a problem or perform a task.
• Android: An operating system used on many smartphones and tablets.
• Antivirus: A program designed to detect and remove computer viruses.
• Application (App): Software that can be installed on a smartphone, tablet, or computer.
• Archiving: The action of storing files so they can be kept for a long time.
• Auto-Save: A feature that automatically saves your files regularly.
• Voice Assistant: A tool that allows you to control a device using your voice (e.g. Siri, Alexa).
• Backup: A copy of data made to prevent data loss.
• Bandwidth: The amount of data an internet connection can transfer per second.
• Database: A structured collection of information stored digitally.
• Bit: The smallest unit of information in computing, equal to 0 or 1.
• Bluetooth: A wireless technology that connects two devices together.
• Byte: A basic unit of digital storage (KB, MB, GB, TB, etc.).
• Inbox: The place where received emails arrive.
• Cache: Temporary memory used to speed up access to data.
• CAPTCHA: A test used to check if a user is human.
• Graphics Card: A component responsible for displaying images on the screen.
• Chatbot: A conversational tool often used to contact a company or website.
• USB Flash Drive: A small portable storage device that plugs into a USB port.
• Virtual Keyboard: A keyboard that appears on the screen.
• Cloud: Online storage space accessible via the internet.
• PIN Code: A simple security code made of numbers only.
• QR Code: A black and white image scanned with a smartphone.
• Compression: Reducing the size of a file to make it easier to store or send.
• Secure Connection (HTTPS): An encrypted connection between you and a website.
• Cookie: A small file saved by a website to remember your preferences.
• CPU (Processor): The brain of the computer that executes instructions.
• Cursor: A symbol showing where you are working on the screen.

🔤 D to H

• Dashboard: The home page of an application showing information and shortcuts.
• Startup: The phase when a computer powers on and loads its operating system.
• Remote Support: Assistance provided by a technician via the Internet.
• Folder: A virtual container used to organize files (documents, photos, music, PDFs…).
• Compressed Folder: A folder containing multiple files that takes up less space. (See: decompress files)
• DNS: A service that links a domain name to its hosting IP address.
• Drag and Drop: The action of moving an item using the mouse.
• Copyright: Legal protection of digital content (text, images, music…).
• Dual Boot: A computer equipped with two operating systems.
• Email: An electronic message sent via the Internet. (See also: create an email account)
• Online Reputation (E-reputation): The image of a person or business on the Internet.
• Storage Space: The capacity of your device to keep files. (See: check free space on a PC)
• File: An item containing text, images, videos, etc. (See: Windows File Explorer)
• Executable File (.exe): A program that can be run on a computer.
• Fiber Optic: A very fast Internet technology, replacing ADSL and coaxial cable.
• News Feed: A list of posts on social media.
• Firewall: Protection against unauthorized connections. (See also: enable firewall)
• Firmware: Internal software of a device (e.g., Internet box, printer).
• Google Photos: An app and cloud service to manage, back up, and sync your photos.
• GPS: A satellite-based geolocation system.
• Phishing: A scam aimed at stealing confidential information. (Learn more)
• History: In a browser, shows the web pages you have visited. (See: view Google history)
• Web Hosting: A service that allows you to put a website online.
• Offline: Describes a device that is not connected to a network (Wi-Fi, 5G). (See: printer offline)
• HTML: The language used to create web pages.
• HTTP / HTTPS: Web browsing protocols. HTTPS is secure.
• Hyperlink: A clickable element that redirects to another page.
• Free Software: Software that can be used, modified, and shared freely.

🔤 I to P

• AI (Artificial Intelligence): Refers to technologies that allow machines to imitate human abilities such as understanding, learning, reasoning, or making decisions. (See: how to use AI easily)
• Icon: A small image representing a file or an application.
• Username / ID: Name or email address used to log into an account.
• Print to PDF: A feature that lets you « save » a page as a PDF file. (See detailed tutorial)
• Wi-Fi Printer: A printer that can be used without cables. (See: connect a Wi-Fi printer)
• Interface: The graphical appearance of software or a website.
• JavaScript: A language used to add interactive elements to a web page.
• JPEG / JPG: A very common image file format.
• Login: The username or ID used to access an account.
• Malware: General term for harmful software. (See: how to protect yourself from malware)
• Motherboard: The main circuit board where all computer components are connected.
• MicroSD Card: A card used to increase storage on an Android device.
• Email Service: A mailbox used to send and receive emails. (See: create an email account)
• Modem (Internet Box): A device that provides access to the Internet.
• Wi-Fi Password: Security key used to protect a Wi-Fi network. (See: find your Wi-Fi password)
• Search Engine: A website that allows you to search the Internet (e.g., Google, Bing).
• Multimedia: Content combining text, sound, images, and video.
• Browser: Software used to visit websites (Firefox, Chrome, etc.).
• Notification: A message displayed by an app to alert you of an event. (See: disable notifications)
• OneDrive: Microsoft’s cloud storage service integrated with Windows.
• Open Source: Software with open code, often free and collaborative.
• Control Panel: Area where you adjust Windows PC settings. (See also: Settings)
• Mobile Hotspot / Tethering: Sharing an Internet connection from a device that’s already online. (Tutorial)
• Peripheral: An accessory connected to a computer (printer, mouse, webcam, etc.).
• Hacker: Someone who illegally accesses a computer system.
• Podcast: An audio file (usually a show) to listen to online or offline.
• Pop-up: A window that appears suddenly, often for advertising.

🔤 Q to Z

• QR Code: A scannable visual code that opens a link to a website or app. (See: how to scan a QR Code)
• Radio Button: A round option that allows only one choice in a list.
• Exit / Quit: Close an application or program. (See also: manage windows in Windows)
• Social Network: A platform for communicating and sharing content (Facebook, Instagram, etc.).
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporarily stores data used by the computer.
• Router: A device that distributes Internet to multiple devices in your home.
• Keyboard Shortcut: A combination of keys to quickly execute a command. (See: most common shortcuts)
• Scanner: A device that converts a paper document into a digital file. (See: how to scan a document)
• Scanning: Converting a paper document into a digital file. (See: scan a document)
• Server: A powerful computer hosting websites or online services.
• Smartphone: Literally a « smart phone »; a phone that runs on Android or similar OS.
• Spam: Unwanted emails, often advertising. (See: how to get rid of spam)
• Streaming: Playing music or video live, without fully downloading the file.
• Synchronization: Keeping files updated across multiple devices.
• Tablet: A portable flat-screen device, between a smartphone and a PC. (See: tablet tutorials)
• Download: Copy a file from the Internet onto your device.
• Terminal: A command-line interface mainly used by experts.
• Toolbar: A horizontal bar with icons or menus for quick access to features.
• Enter Key: Used to confirm a command or move to a new line. (See: keyboard guide)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The case containing the main components of a desktop computer.
• URL: The address of a web page (e.g., https://www.google.com).
• User: A person using a computer service.
• Video Conference: Online video call (Zoom, Teams, etc.).
• Virus: Malicious software that can infect and damage a system. (See: how to protect against viruses)
• VPN: A virtual private network that protects your anonymity online.
• Webcam: A camera connected to your computer.
• Wi-Fi: Wireless Internet connection. (See: fix Wi-Fi connection issues)
• Windows: Operating system present on most PCs. (See: our complete Windows course)
• Widget: A small tool displayed on the home screen (e.g., weather). (See: set up your smartphone or tablet)
• Zoom: 1. A function to enlarge an image or text; 2. Video conferencing application.

Complete computer & cnternet glossary for beginners

🔤 A to L

IP Address: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identification number assigned to every device connected to a computer network, whether it is a computer, smartphone, router, printer, or web server. It acts like a postal address for your device, allowing data to be sent and received over the Internet. Without it, connecting to the web would be impossible. IPv4 addresses, the most common type, consist of series of numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1), while the newer IPv6 format uses numbers and letters to provide a nearly unlimited number of addresses to accommodate Internet growth. There are two types of IP addresses: public addresses, assigned by your Internet Service Provider (ISP) to allow your router and devices to communicate on the web, and private addresses, used internally within a local network for devices to communicate with each other. Your IP address can also be used to determine your geographic location and optimize online services, which is why many people use VPNs to hide their IP.

Adware: Adware, also called advertising software, is a type of program that displays intrusive ads on your screen, often without your consent. They are usually classified as Potentially Unwanted Programs (PUP) and are designed to generate revenue for their creators. Adware can install itself in various ways, such as hidden in the fine print of free software installations or included in downloaded apps. Once installed, adware can change your browser settings, redirect searches to unwanted sites, or even track your online behavior to display personalized ads. While most adware is annoying, some can act as spyware and collect sensitive information. Removing it quickly is important to avoid security issues and slowdowns.

Algorithm: An algorithm is a finite and unambiguous set of instructions and ordered operations designed to solve a class of problems or perform a specific task. It is like a « recipe » for the computer, guiding it step by step to achieve a particular result. Algorithms are at the core of computing and are used in all software and technological systems. For example, search engines like Google use algorithms to sort information and display relevant search results, while cryptography systems use algorithms to protect your online data. Algorithms are also the foundation of Machine Learning, where they learn from data to perform tasks such as speech recognition or automatic translation. Types of algorithms include sequential algorithms (following a linear series of instructions) and loop algorithms (repeating instructions until a condition is met).

Android: Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, primarily for smartphones and tablets. Launched in 2007, it is now the world’s most widely used mobile OS, largely due to its open-source model, which allows many manufacturers (Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei, etc.) to install it on their devices. Android is known for its flexibility and customization options, letting users modify the interface, add widgets, and choose from a wide variety of apps on the Google Play Store. It is tightly integrated with Google services like Gmail, Google Maps, and YouTube, making access to these apps easy. Regular updates improve security, performance, and add new features. (See our courses and tutorials for Android smartphones and tablets.)

Antivirus: An antivirus is security software designed to detect, block, and remove malicious software (malware), especially computer viruses. Originally focused on viruses alone, modern antivirus programs provide multi-layered protection against various cyber threats, including Trojans, ransomware, spyware, and adware. Antivirus programs use multiple detection techniques, such as scanning files for known virus signatures, heuristic analysis to detect suspicious behavior, or sandbox environments to safely test programs. Modern antivirus software can also block scam websites and optimize device performance by closing unnecessary programs, acting as a guardian for data from your hard drive and the Internet (emails, attachments, websites).

Application (App): An application, often called an « app, » is a software program designed to perform one or more specific tasks on a device such as a smartphone, tablet, computer, or smart TV. Unlike operating systems (Windows or Android) that manage the overall device, an app focuses on specific tasks: for example, an email client to send messages, a game for entertainment, a navigation app for directions, or a banking app to manage accounts. Mobile apps are typically downloaded from platforms like the Google Play Store or App Store, while desktop apps are installed on computers. The term « application » became popular with the rise of smartphones, replacing the older term « software. »

Archiving: Archiving is the process of storing digital data or files in an organized and long-term manner, typically on secondary storage such as an external hard drive, backup server, or cloud service. The main goal is to free space on the main device by moving infrequently used files. Archiving is different from backup, which is a temporary copy to prevent data loss. Archiving is a long-term process for keeping important data that is no longer needed daily but must be retained for legal, historical, or personal reasons. It is widely used in businesses to manage large volumes of data.

Voice Assistant: A voice assistant is a software program or AI-based service that allows users to interact with a device using their voice. Voice assistants can answer questions, execute commands, launch apps, set alarms, or control smart devices (lights, thermostats). Popular examples include Siri (Apple), Google Assistant, Alexa (Amazon), and Cortana (Microsoft). They use voice recognition and natural language processing to understand user commands and can be integrated into smartphones, smart speakers, cars, and computers.

Backup: Backup refers to creating copies of data (files, documents, photos, videos) to protect against loss due to hardware failure, virus attacks, accidental deletion, or device theft. Backups can be stored on external drives, USB keys, DVDs, or cloud storage. Regular backups stored separately from the main device ensure data safety. Windows PCs do not provide a simple backup system compared to Apple’s Time Machine, so manual backups of important folders like Documents & Pictures are recommended.

Bandwidth: Bandwidth is the capacity of a network to transfer information. It measures how much data can be sent and received over an Internet connection per second, usually in Mbps or Gbps. Higher bandwidth allows faster downloads, smooth streaming, and online gaming. Bandwidth depends on technology (ADSL, fiber, 4G, 5G). Low bandwidth can cause slow connections and buffering.

Toolbar: A toolbar is a graphical area in software containing icons, buttons, or menus that provide quick access to frequently used functions. In a word processor, a toolbar might include buttons for bold, italic, alignment, or inserting images. Toolbars can usually be customized for efficiency and ease of use.

Database: A database is a structured collection of information stored digitally, allowing efficient storage, management, and retrieval. Data is organized in tables, with rows as records (e.g., a customer) and columns as fields (e.g., name, address). Database management systems (DBMS) handle adding, modifying, deleting, or querying data. Databases are used in websites, businesses, banks, and mobile apps.

Bit: A bit is the smallest unit of information in computing, short for « binary digit. » It can have only two values: 0 or 1. Computers use millions of bits to represent numbers, letters, images, sounds, or videos. One byte consists of 8 bits. Bits are the foundation for all computer instructions and data processing.

Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that connects two devices without cables, commonly used for wireless headsets, keyboards, mice, printers, and speakers. Devices must be paired to establish a secure connection. Bluetooth is convenient for wireless accessories and simplified device connections. (See: connect devices via Bluetooth)

Inbox: The inbox is the location in an email application (Gmail, Outlook, phone email apps) where received messages are stored. It shows the sender, subject, and date, and allows organizing, archiving, or deleting emails. It is the central hub for online communication. (See: Email & Internet courses)

Radio Button: A radio button is a graphical interface element used in forms or surveys. It is a small circle that can be selected to activate an option. Only one button can be selected within a group. It is used for single-choice questions, e.g., selecting gender, language, or payment method.

Cache: Cache is temporary, high-speed memory used by computers, browsers, and apps to store frequently used data. It speeds up access to information, e.g., storing website images to avoid re-downloading. Cache can become outdated or take up space and may need to be cleared to fix display issues or free storage.

Captcha: A captcha is a test designed to be difficult for a robot, which helps block access to services (like submitting forms or creating accounts) from spam and automated attacks.

Graphics Card: A graphics card, or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), is a computer hardware component responsible for processing and displaying images on the screen. It converts digital data into visual signals, and the more powerful it is, the smoother, more detailed, and higher-quality the images will be. Graphics cards are essential for graphically demanding tasks such as 3D gaming, video editing, graphic design, or digital art. High-end graphics cards often have their own processor and memory to handle graphics independently of the computer’s main CPU.

Motherboard: The motherboard is the main and largest printed circuit board in a computer. It acts as the control center and backbone of the system, connecting all other components, including the CPU, RAM, graphics card, hard drive, expansion cards, and external peripherals (via USB ports). It contains circuits and connectors that allow components to communicate, receive power, and exchange data. Think of it as the computer’s nervous system, coordinating all operations and ensuring each component works together harmoniously.

MicroSD Card: A microSD card is a miniature version of SD cards, small removable flash storage cards used to expand the storage capacity of compact electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, digital cameras, drones, or portable game consoles. Despite its tiny size, it can store tens or even hundreds of gigabytes of data, including photos, videos, music, or apps. It allows easy data transfer between devices and helps free up internal storage space.

Chatbot: A chatbot is a conversational agent, often enhanced with AI, used to submit questions or requests via a personal account (banks, insurance, tax services, e-commerce sites, etc.). Chatbots often replace contact forms, which are only used if the bot cannot answer. For users, the main advantages are speed (often in real-time) and the bot’s ability to quickly analyze data to solve problems (lost packages, refunds, forgotten IDs). Traditional contact forms send emails to human operators, which usually results in longer response times. Some chatbots are not yet capable of answering everything. AI is increasingly integrated into chatbot design.

USB Flash Drive: A USB flash drive is a small, portable storage device that plugs into a computer or other device’s USB port. It is extremely convenient for transferring files between locations because it is compact, lightweight, and does not require external power. Using flash memory, USB drives are fast and reliable. They come in various storage capacities, from a few gigabytes to several terabytes, and are widely used for documents, photos, music, and videos.

Virtual Keyboard: A virtual keyboard is a keyboard that appears on the screen instead of a physical keyboard. It is primarily used on touchscreen devices like smartphones and tablets. When you tap a text input field, the virtual keyboard appears, allowing you to type letters, numbers, and symbols by touching the on-screen keys. It can also be used on computers as protection against malicious software that records keystrokes (keyloggers).

Cloud: The cloud, or cloud computing, is a model for storing and processing data remotely. Instead of keeping files and running programs on your own device, you use servers located in data centers that are accessible via the Internet. The cloud has many advantages: it frees up storage space on your device, allows access to your files from any device connected to the Internet, and makes sharing documents easy. Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, or iCloud are examples of public cloud services that let you store your photos, documents, and videos online.

PIN Code: A PIN (Personal Identification Number) is a secret code made up only of numbers, usually four or six digits, used to secure access to a device or card. Your SIM card’s PIN protects your phone from unauthorized use if it is lost or stolen. It is a simpler and faster form of password, yet effective in blocking access to your device.

QR Code: A QR code (Quick Response code) is a two-dimensional barcode that can be scanned with a smartphone camera or a specific app. It appears as a square made up of black and white modules. Once scanned, the QR code can automatically open a web page, launch an app, display contact information, or connect to a Wi-Fi network. QR codes are widely used in marketing and advertising to quickly and easily direct users to online content. See: how to scan a QR Code.

Compression: Compression is the process of reducing the size of a file or folder using an algorithm to make it smaller. This makes it easier to send files by email or store them in limited storage space. Compressed files often have extensions like .zip, .rar, or .7z. A compressed folder can contain a single file or multiple files. To use the files inside, you must « decompress » them using decompression software or the built-in tool in Windows. See: how to decompress a file.

Secure Connection (HTTPS): A secure connection, identified by « HTTPS » in the website address (URL) and a padlock in the browser bar, is an encrypted connection between your browser and a website server. The « S » in HTTPS stands for « Secure. » The connection encrypts all exchanged data (such as passwords, credit card numbers, or personal information) so it cannot be read by malicious actors. It is essential for online shopping or using banking services on the Internet.

Cookie: A cookie is a small text file created by a website and stored on your computer or phone. It remembers information about you and your preferences to enhance your browsing experience. For example, a cookie can remember your login details (so you don’t have to type them each time), shopping cart, preferred language, or visited pages. Cookies make browsing smoother but are also used to track your online behavior for advertising purposes, which can raise privacy concerns.

CPU (Processor): The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the « brain » of the computer. It is an electronic chip that executes software instructions, performs calculations, and processes data. The more powerful the CPU, the faster and more responsive the computer. It handles most of the computer’s operations, from simple mouse clicks to running complex programs. Modern CPUs can have multiple « cores » to execute several tasks simultaneously.

Cursor: The cursor is a visual indicator that moves on the screen to show where you are working or where you will click. It can take different forms: an arrow (for the mouse), a hand (when hovering over a link), or a blinking line (in a text field). The cursor allows you to interact with the computer’s graphical interface, select items, type text, click buttons, or move windows.

Dashboard: A dashboard is a graphical interface that presents key information and indicators clearly and concisely. It is usually found on the home page of an app, website, or software. A dashboard can be used to track project status, display sales statistics, monitor website activity (visitors, page views, etc.), or quickly access important functions and information. It centralizes data to make analysis and understanding easier.

Startup: Startup is the process that occurs when you turn on a computer. It includes several steps, from initializing hardware (checking components like memory, hard drive, etc.) to loading the operating system (Windows, macOS, Linux). Once the operating system is loaded, the computer is ready for use. Startup time depends on the device’s power and the type of storage drive (an SSD is much faster than a traditional hard drive).

Remote Troubleshooting: Remote troubleshooting is a technical support method that allows a professional to take control of a computer via the Internet to solve a problem. The technician uses special software to establish a secure connection with the user’s device, allowing them to see the screen, control the mouse and keyboard, and execute commands. This is very convenient for helping users without needing to travel.

DNS: The DNS (Domain Name System) is an essential Internet service that translates readable domain names, like www.premiers-clics.fr or tifs-et-styles.com, into numeric IP addresses required to locate a website on the network. Without DNS, you would have to remember complex strings of numbers. It works like a phone book, making browsing and connecting to websites simple and fast. Imagine a table with two columns: on the left, all existing domain names; on the right, their physical server location via IP address.

Folder: A folder is a virtual storage space on a computer used to organize and group files. It works like a binder where you can store documents, images, videos, or other file types. Folders can contain subfolders, allowing you to structure data logically. This makes it easier to find, access, and manage information on a computer. To learn how to create folders in Windows and sort your files, start the Windows course! Free online courses for beginners and seniors are available.

Compressed Folder: A compressed folder is a special folder containing one or more files that have been reduced in size to save storage space and facilitate transfer. These folders often have « .zip », « .rar », or « .7z » extensions. They are useful for sending multiple files by email at once or for archiving documents. To access the files inside, you must first « unzip » or extract them using compression software or the built-in Windows feature.

Drag and Drop: « Drag and drop » is a common action in graphical interfaces that involves moving an item on the screen using a mouse. You click on an item (like a file or icon), hold the mouse button, move the cursor to the desired location, and release the button. This action is used to move files between folders, rearrange desktop icons, or insert images into a document. See: how to pin a shortcut to the taskbar.

Copyright: Copyright, in the digital context, is the legal protection of creative works such as texts, images, music, videos, software, or websites. It gives the author exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and modify their work. This means no one else can use, copy, or share the work without permission. Violating copyright can lead to legal action.

Dual Boot: Dual boot is a configuration that allows a computer to have two different operating systems installed on the same hard drive and choose which one to start at each boot. For example, someone could have Windows and Linux installed. A menu appears at startup to select the desired OS. This is useful for using software specific to one OS or trying a new system without deleting the old one.

Email: An email (Electronic Mail) is an electronic message sent over the Internet. It is like a digital letter, sent and received instantly. An email consists of a recipient address, a subject, and a body of text. It may also include attachments, such as files, images, or documents. Email is essential for both personal and professional communication, largely replacing traditional mail. See: how to create a new Gmail account.

E-Reputation: E-reputation, or online reputation, is the image and opinion that users and the public have of a person or company online. It is built from all available information on the Internet: news articles, social media comments, customer reviews, photos, videos, blogs, etc. E-reputation is important for credibility and success and is often managed by professionals who ensure the online information is positive and up-to-date.

Storage Space: Storage space is the capacity of a device (computer, smartphone, hard drive, USB stick) to save data. It is measured in bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB). The more storage space available, the more files, photos, videos, and apps you can save. When storage is full, the device may slow down.

File: A file is an item containing digital data, such as text (a Word document), an image (a .jpg photo), a video, music, or a program. Each file has a name and an extension (for example, « document.docx » or « photo.jpg ») that indicates its format and type of data. Files are stored in folders on a hard drive and can be organized, moved, copied, and deleted.

Executable File (.exe): An executable file is a type of file that can be launched or « run » directly by the operating system. It is a program containing instructions for the computer. On Windows systems, these files often have the « .exe » extension. By clicking on a .exe file, you either start a software installation or launch a program. Be cautious with executable files from unknown sources, as they may contain viruses or malware.

Fiber Optic: Fiber optic, or « fiber, » is an Internet connection technology that uses very thin glass or plastic threads to transmit data as light. It is much faster and more stable than ADSL, which uses copper telephone lines. Fiber optic can offer speeds of several gigabits per second, allowing you to download large files in seconds, stream 4K movies without interruption, and play online games with almost no latency. Fiber optic is gradually replacing ADSL and coaxial (FTTLA) connections.

News Feed: A news feed, or « feed, » is a list of posts, messages, or content updated in real time. It is the homepage of social networks like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or LinkedIn, where you can see the latest posts from friends, pages, or accounts you follow. The news feed is often managed by an algorithm that selects and organizes posts based on your interests and behavior.

Firewall: A firewall is a security system that protects a computer or network against unauthorized access. It acts as a filter by controlling incoming and outgoing data traffic. A firewall examines each data packet attempting to enter or leave and blocks it if it does not meet the defined security rules. It can block hacking attempts, viruses, and unwanted connections. Firewalls can be software-based or hardware devices. See: how to enable the Windows firewall.

Firmware: Firmware is a small software program embedded in an electronic device, such as a printer, Wi-Fi router, computer motherboard, or digital camera. It is « low-level » software that controls the device’s basic functions and allows it to communicate with other peripherals. Firmware updates are sometimes needed to fix bugs, improve performance, or add new features.

GPS: GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite-based navigation system that allows a GPS receiver to determine its exact position anywhere in the world. It uses a network of satellites sending signals to the Earth’s surface, and the GPS receiver calculates distances from multiple satellites to determine its location accurately. GPS is used in smartphones (for navigation), cars, drones, and many other devices. Popular GPS devices and apps include TomTom, Garmin, Google Maps, and Waze.

Phishing: Phishing is an online scam technique that pretends to be a legitimate organization (like a bank, government agency, or service provider) to obtain confidential information, such as passwords, credit card numbers, or banking credentials. Typically, the attacker sends an email or SMS that looks official and contains a link to a fake website. If the user clicks the link and enters information, the attacker collects it. See: How to protect yourself from phishing.

History (Browser): A web browser history is a record of the web pages you have visited. It stores each site’s address, date, and time of visit. History is useful for finding a page you visited some time ago or resuming interrupted browsing. You can view, manage, or delete your history anytime to protect your privacy.

Web Hosting: Web hosting is a service that allows a website to be accessible on the Internet. Web hosting companies rent space on their servers to store site files (HTML code, images, videos, etc.). A website cannot exist online without being hosted on a server, which is online 24/7 so that visitors can access the site anytime by entering its URL in a browser. In France, OVH is a major web hosting provider.

Offline: « Offline » refers to the state of a device or software not connected to a network (like the Internet or a local network). When offline, you cannot access online services (such as websites, emails, or streaming), but you can still use installed programs and access files stored on your device. See: connected but no Internet.

HTML: HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the markup language used to create and structure web page content. It is the basic code for all web pages. HTML uses « tags » to define content structure, such as headings, paragraphs, links, images, and tables. HTML is generally used with CSS (for styling) and JavaScript (for interactivity) to create complete, dynamic web pages.

HTTP / HTTPS: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) are communication protocols used to transfer data between a web server and a browser. They are the « language » browsers and servers use to communicate. HTTP is the standard version but is not secure. HTTPS encrypts data to protect the privacy of exchanged information and should be used for sites collecting sensitive information, like online banking or e-commerce.

Icon: An icon is a small image or symbol representing a file, folder, program, or function. Icons are common in graphical interfaces on computers and smartphones, making devices more intuitive to use. For example, a trash can icon represents the Recycle Bin, and a house icon represents a website’s homepage. Our Windows course explains how to manage icons in Windows.

Username / Login: A username, often called a « login, » is a name or email address used to access an online account (website, app, or email). It is linked to a password and uniquely identifies you. The username is the first step in accessing a secure service. It is recommended to regularly update passwords and create strong passwords using uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters.

Print to PDF: Printing to PDF allows you to create a PDF file from a document or web page without using a physical printer. Instead of selecting a printer, you choose « Save as PDF » or « Print to PDF. » This is useful for saving web pages, documents, or receipts in a format that can be easily shared, stored, or viewed on any device. See also: convert Word to PDF.

Wi-Fi Printer: A Wi-Fi printer is a printer that connects to a wireless network, allowing multiple users at home or in the office to print without connecting directly to a computer via cable. To print, you simply connect to the same Wi-Fi network as the printer. See: how to connect a Wi-Fi printer.

Interface: The interface, or user interface, is the set of visual elements (windows, buttons, icons, menus) that allows a user to interact with software, an operating system, or a website. A good interface should be intuitive, easy to use, and visually pleasing. Graphical interfaces have replaced command-line interfaces to make computing accessible to everyone.

JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language used to make web pages interactive and dynamic. Unlike HTML, which structures the page, and CSS, which styles it, JavaScript allows adding interactive elements like dropdown menus, contact forms, animations, photo galleries, or notifications. Without JavaScript, many websites would be static and far less functional. It runs directly in the web browser and is essential for modern web development.

JPEG / JPG: JPEG or JPG is one of the most common image file formats. It is widely used for photos on the Internet and digital cameras because it uses a compression method that reduces file size while maintaining good image quality. The .jpg extension is the most common. This format is ideal for sharing photos by email or on social networks.

Hyperlink: A hyperlink, or « link, » is a clickable element (usually blue underlined text) that redirects you to another web page, website, file, or a specific location in a document. Hyperlinks are the foundation of the World Wide Web and allow users to navigate from one page to another quickly and intuitively.

Free Software (Open Source): Free software is a computer program whose source code is public and can be used, modified, shared, and distributed freely by anyone. Users can see how the program works and adapt it to their needs. This model promotes collaboration and innovation. Examples of free software include the Linux operating system and the Firefox browser.

Login: The term « login » is another word for username. It is the name or email address you use to access an online account. It is usually paired with a password and serves to identify you uniquely on a service.

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Malware: The term « malware » is a general term for all types of malicious software, such as viruses, trojans, ransomware, spyware, and adware. Malware is a program designed to damage a system, steal data, disrupt the device’s operation, or spy on the user. Protecting against malware is a major concern in cybersecurity. See: how to remove malware on a Windows PC.

RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is a type of very fast, temporary memory that stores the data and programs the computer is currently using. When you open a program or file, the computer loads it into RAM for quick access. RAM is volatile, meaning all data is erased when the computer is turned off. More RAM allows a computer to run multiple programs simultaneously without slowing down. However, in practice, the type of storage (HDD or SSD) and the CPU are more critical for overall speed. Replacing an HDD with an SSD will improve performance more noticeably than just adding RAM.

Messaging: Messaging is a system that allows sending and receiving messages. This term applies to emails (electronic mail) but also to instant messaging services (like WhatsApp or Messenger), which allow real-time exchanges. Commonly, people refer to an email inbox as a « messaging service » to distinguish it from SMS or MMS on a phone. See: how to send emails.

Modem (Internet Box): A modem is a device that allows you to connect to the Internet. Usually provided by your Internet Service Provider (ISP), it converts digital signals from your computer into analog signals (for phone lines or cable) and vice versa. The modem is the first point of connection to the Internet within your home.

Wi-Fi Password: A Wi-Fi password is the security key that protects your Wi-Fi network and prevents unauthorized access. It usually consists of a combination of letters and numbers. You need to enter it on a device (computer, smartphone) to connect to the network. Forgot your Wi-Fi password? Follow our guide to recover your Wi-Fi code.

Search Engine: A search engine is a website that helps you find information on the Internet. The most popular are Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, and Qwant. You type keywords in the search bar, and the engine scans billions of web pages to give you relevant results. Google is the most used search engine in Europe and the USA.

Multimedia: Multimedia refers to content that combines several types of media, such as text, images, audio, videos, and animations. Websites, apps, and documents that integrate multiple media types are considered multimedia content.

Web Browser: A web browser, or « browser, » is software that allows you to navigate the Internet and view web pages. The most popular are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari. Browsers display web pages by interpreting their HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code. People often confuse Google (the search engine) with Chrome (the browser software or app).

Notification: A notification is a message that appears on your device (smartphone, computer, or tablet) to inform you of an event, such as a new email, a social media message, or an app update. Notifications can appear as banners at the top of the screen or as icons in the status bar. See: how to disable notifications.

Scanning: Scanning is the process of converting a paper document or image into a digital file. This can be done using a scanner or a smartphone scanning app. The digital file can then be stored on a computer or shared via email. In everyday language, it’s often called “scanning.”

Byte: A byte is a unit of measurement for storage capacity in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. It is the basic unit for measuring the size of a file or the storage space of a hard drive. Common units include kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), and terabyte (TB).

OneDrive: OneDrive is Microsoft’s online storage service. It allows you to back up your files (photos, documents) to the Internet so you won’t lose them if your computer fails. You can access files from multiple devices (computer, smartphone). OneDrive automatically syncs your files and makes sharing with family easy via a simple link. Article: how to disable OneDrive.

Open source: « Open source » refers to software whose source code is public and can be viewed, modified, and freely distributed. It is a collaborative development model where a community of developers contributes to the code. Free software and open source are similar, but “open source” emphasizes code availability for modification. OpenOffice is an example of open-source software (office suite).

Control Panel: The Control Panel is part of the Windows operating system where you can manage your computer’s settings, such as user accounts, network connections, devices (printers, mouse), display options, and software installation or removal.

Tethering (Internet Sharing): Tethering is a smartphone feature that allows you to share your mobile internet connection (4G or 5G) with other devices like laptops or tablets. Your smartphone acts as a Wi-Fi router, creating a hotspot that other devices can use when no Wi-Fi network is available.

Peripheral: A peripheral is an external device connected to a computer to expand its capabilities. This can include input devices (keyboard, mouse, scanner), output devices (printer, monitor), or storage devices (USB drive, external hard drive). A printer is also considered a peripheral.

Hacker: A hacker is a person who uses their computer skills to access systems without authorization. An « ethical hacker » or « white hat » uses skills to find security flaws and report them, while a « malicious hacker » or « black hat » uses skills to steal data, damage systems, or commit fraud.

Podcast: A podcast is an audio or video file that you can stream online or download to listen/watch later. Podcasts often include radio shows, reports, or discussions on a particular topic.

Pop-up: A pop-up is a small window that opens automatically on your screen when visiting a website. Pop-ups are often used for ads or important messages, but they can also be intrusive.

QR Code: A QR code (Quick Response) is a 2D barcode that can be scanned using a smartphone camera or a specific app. It appears as a square of black and white modules. Once scanned, it can open a webpage, launch an app, display contact info, or connect to a Wi-Fi network. Widely used in marketing and advertising.

Quit: In computing, « quit » means to close an application or program. When you quit a program, it stops running and frees the RAM it was using.

Social network: A social network is an online platform that allows users to create a profile, communicate with others, share content (photos, videos, text), and build communities. Popular examples include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and LinkedIn.

Router: A router is a device that distributes your Internet connection to multiple devices in your home or office. It’s usually connected to your modem and sends the Internet signal to computers, smartphones, tablets, and other connected devices via cables (Ethernet) or Wi-Fi. The router manages traffic and ensures each device receives its share of the connection.

Keyboard Shortcut: A keyboard shortcut is a combination of keys that executes a command without using a mouse. For example, « Ctrl + C » copies an item, and « Ctrl + V » pastes it. Keyboard shortcuts save time and improve productivity. See: printable list of main shortcuts.

Auto-save: Auto-save is a feature that automatically saves your files regularly without manual intervention. It is often integrated into cloud services or backup software and ensures that you never lose your data.

Scanner: A scanner is a device that digitizes paper documents or images into digital files. It uses light and sensors to create a digital image. Scanners can be standalone or integrated into multifunction printers. See: how to scan.

Server: A server is a powerful computer that provides services to other computers (called « clients ») on a network. Examples: a web server hosts website files and delivers them to browsers, a mail server stores emails, and a game server allows multiple players to connect to an online game.

Smartphone: A smartphone is a modern phone used for calls, messages, photos, and Internet access. It has a touchscreen and apps like WhatsApp, Google Maps, or weather apps. Beginners should learn key functions to stay connected and use digital tools easily. See: online course for beginners.

Spam: Spam is an unsolicited email or message, usually advertising, sent in bulk. Spam can be dangerous because it may contain links to malicious sites or viruses. Email providers use spam filters to block them. See: how to remove spam permanently.

Streaming: Streaming is a technique for delivering audio or video content over the Internet in real time. Unlike downloading, the file is not stored on your device; it is played immediately. Popular streaming services include Netflix, YouTube, Spotify, and Deezer.

Tablet: A tablet is a portable electronic device with a large touchscreen. Smaller than a laptop but larger than a smartphone, it is ideal for browsing the Internet, watching movies, reading e-books, or playing games. See: tablet tutorials.

Download: Downloading means copying a file from the Internet to your device (computer or smartphone). The file is transferred from a server and stored on your hard drive or internal memory.

Terminal: A terminal is a command-line interface that allows users to interact with the operating system by typing text commands. It’s a powerful tool mainly used by developers and system administrators.

Enter Key: The « Enter » key (or « Return ») is used to validate a command, move to a new line in text, or execute an action. It is one of the most frequently used keys on the keyboard. See: keyboard course.

Central Unit (CPU case): The central unit, or desktop computer case, contains the main components of the computer, such as the motherboard, processor, memory, hard drive, and graphics card. It is the “core” of a desktop computer.

URL: A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a web page. It appears in the browser’s address bar (e.g., https://www.google.com). It is the unique address used to locate a web page on the Internet.

User: A user is a person who uses a computer, online service, or application. Each user may have an account with personal settings and files.

Videoconference: Videoconferencing is a form of communication that allows multiple people to see and talk to each other in real time via an Internet connection. Popular platforms include Zoom, Skype, Google Meet, and Microsoft Teams.

Virus: A computer virus is a type of malicious software that replicates itself and spreads from one device to another. It can damage files, slow down the system, steal data, or disrupt computer operations. A virus attaches to legitimate programs and spreads when the program is run.

VPN: A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a service that creates a secure, encrypted connection between your device and the Internet. It hides your IP address and encrypts your traffic, protecting your privacy and allowing access to content blocked in your country.

Webcam: A webcam is a small camera connected to a computer for capturing images and videos. It is used for video calls, videoconferences, video recording, or live streaming.

Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless networking technology that allows devices to connect to the Internet or a local network without cables. It is used in homes, offices, and public spaces to provide wireless Internet access.

Windows: Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft. Installed on most desktops and laptops worldwide, it is known for its intuitive graphical interface and wide software compatibility. See: beginner course “Mastering Windows 10/11.”

Widget: A widget is a small app or tool displayed on a smartphone’s home screen or a computer desktop to show information or provide quick access to a function. For example, a weather widget displays the current temperature. See: tablet customization guide.

Zoom: « Zoom » has two meanings: 1. A function to enlarge images or text for better visibility, found in browsers, photo viewers, or documents. 2. A popular videoconferencing application.